Visual impairment

Visual impairment
Other names	Vision impairment, vision loss
A typical Snellen chart that is frequently used for visual acuity testing
Specialty	Ophthalmology
Symptoms	Decreased ability to see[1][2]
Complications	Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder, falls in older adults[3][4]
Causes	Uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma[1]
Diagnostic method	Eye examination[2]
Treatment	Vision rehabilitation, changes in the environment, assistive devices (eyeglasses, white cane)[2]
Frequency	940 million / 13% (2015)[5]

Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment – visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks including reading and walking.^[6] The terms low vision and blindness are often used for levels of impairment which are difficult or impossible to correct and significantly impact daily life. In addition to the various permanent conditions, fleeting temporary vision impairment, amaurosis fugax, may occur, and may indicate serious medical problems.^[7][8][9]

The most common causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected refractive errors (43%), cataracts (33%), and glaucoma (2%).^[1] Refractive errors include near-sightedness, far-sightedness, presbyopia, and astigmatism.^[1] Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness.^[1] Other disorders that may cause visual problems include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, childhood blindness, and a number of infections.^[10] Visual impairment can also be caused by problems in the brain due to stroke, premature birth, or trauma, among others.^[11] These cases are known as cortical visual impairment.^[11] Screening for vision problems in children may improve future vision and educational achievement.^[12] Screening adults without symptoms is of uncertain benefit.^[13] Diagnosis is by an eye exam.^[2]

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of visual impairment is either preventable or curable with treatment.^[1] This includes cataracts, the infections river blindness and trachoma, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refractive errors, and some cases of childhood blindness.^[14] Many people with significant visual impairment benefit from vision rehabilitation, changes in their environment, and assistive devices.^[2]

As of 2015^[update], there were 940 million people with some degree of vision loss.^[5] 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind.^[1] The majority of people with poor vision are in the developing world and are over the age of 50 years.^[1] Rates of visual impairment have decreased since the 1990s.^[1] Visual impairments have considerable economic costs both directly due to the cost of treatment and indirectly due to decreased ability to work.^[15]